From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
White "mutton-fat"
Jade rocks in truck in
Collecting jade in the
Chinese jade refers to the
onward. It is the primary
of . Although deep and bright green
is better known in Europe, for most of China's history, jade has come in a variety of colors and white "mutton-fat"
was the most highly praised and prized. Native sources in
and along the
were exploited since prehistoric times and have la most Chinese jade today is extracted from the northwestern
Jade was prized for its , , , and beauty. In particular, its subtle, translucent colors and protective qualities caused it to become associated with Chinese conceptions of the
and . The most prominent early use was the crafting of the Six Ritual Jades, found since the 3rd-millennium BC : the , the , the , the hu, the gui, and the zhang. Although these items are so ancient that their original meaning is uncertain, by the time of the composition of the , they were thought to represent the , the , and the . By the , the royal family and prominent lords were buried entirely ensheathed in
sewn in gold thread, on the idea that it would preserve the body and the souls attached to it. Jade was also thought to combat fatigue in the living. The Han also greatly improved prior artistic treatment of jade.
These uses gave way after the
practices and new developments in
such as . Nonetheless, jade remained part of
and an important artistic medium. Although its use never became widespread in , jade became important to the art of
and Southeast Asia.
for 玉 "jade".
" (of women) (courteous) your" has semantically broader meanings than
"any of various hard greenish gems used in jewelry and artistic carvings, including
a green green like jade". Yù has referred to many rocks and minerals that carve and polish well, especially ,
and , as well as
and other varieties of .
Jadeite is now known as yìngyù
(lit. "hard jade") and nephrite correspondingly as ruǎnyù
(lit. "soft jade"). The
term yù is used in various Chinese
", such as pāozhuānyǐnyù
(lit. "cast aside a brick, pick up a jade") "offer banal/humble remarks to spark
sacrifice a little to gain much"—one of the , and , for instance yùlì
(lit. "jade standing") " graceful".
for yu "jade" dates back to circa 11th century BCE
from the late , when it depicted pieces of jade hanging on a string. Chinese characters most commonly combine a , such as the "" 玉 or 王, that suggests meaning and a phonetic that hints at pronunciation. The "jade radical" frequently occurs in characters for names of gemstones (e.g., bì 碧 " bluish green" and shānhú 珊瑚 "coral"), and occasionally for words denoting "preciousness" (bǎo
"treasure" and bǎobǎo
"precious/darling baby").
, 3rd millennium BC
ornament with flower design,
(12th or 13th century), .
Jade has been used in virtually all periods of
and generally accords with the style of
characteristic of each period. Thus, the earliest jades, of the Neolithic Period, are often quite simple and unornamented ritual and impractical versions of the tools and weapons that were in ordinary use, often much larger than normal examples.
These are presumed to have been symbols of political power or possibly religious authority.
are types of objects only found in jade in early periods, and probably had religious or cosmic significance. The bi is a circular disk with a hole, originally usually plain, but increasingly decorated, and the cong is a vessel, square on the outside but circular inside. In later literature the cong represents the earth and the bi the sky.
Jades of the , , and
are increasingly embellished with animal and other decorative motifs characteristic of those times, and craftsmen developed great skill in detailed small
work in objects such as the
that became part of elite costume. In later periods ancient jade shapes, shapes derived from , and motifs of
were used, essentially to demonstrate the 's extraordinary technical facility.
times, the key known sources of nephrite jade in China for utilitarian and
jade items were the now depleted deposits in the Ningshao area in the
( ;2250 BC) and in an area of the
( &# BC). As early as 6000 BC,
Jade has been mined. In the Yin Ruins of the Shang Dynasty in Anyang, Dushan Jade ornaments were unearthed in the tombs of the Shang kings.
Jade was used to create many utilitarian and ceremonial objects, ranging from indoor decorative items to , reflecting the ancient Chinese belief that jades would confer immortality or prolong life and prevent decay. From about the earliest
until the present, jade was sourced from deposits in western regions like
and other parts of China like
, . In Lantian, white and greenish nephrite jade is found in small quarries and as pebbles and boulders in the rivers flowing from the
northward into the
area. River jade collection was concentrated in the , the White Jade () and Black Jade () Rivers. From the , on the southern leg of the , yearly tribute payments consisting of the most precious white jade were made to the Chinese Imperial court and there transformed into
by skilled artisans as jade was considered more valuable than
or , and white more valuable than green. Jade became a favorite material for the crafting of Chinese writing materials, such as rests for calligraphy brushes, as well as the mouthpieces of some , due to the belief that breathing through jade would bestow longevity upon smokers who used such a pipe.
Jade objects of early ages (Neolithic through Zhou) fall into five categories: small decorative and functional ornaments such as , ,
a independent , especially of real and
small objects of probably emblematic value, including the han (ornaments, often carved in the shape of a , to be placed in the mouth of the dead), and many examples of larger objects — such as the
(a hollow cylinder or truncated cone)
The Six Ritual Jades originating in pre-history were the
(a flat disk with a hole in its center), the ,
the huang (a flat, half-ring pendant), the hu, the flat, bladelike gui, and the zhang. The original names, value and functions of these objects have invited much speculation. The , itself probably compiled in the , ascribes the circular bi as representing the heavens, the cong as representing the earth, the gui the east, the zhang the south, the hu the west and the huang the north. Although over two
millennia old these names and symbolism were given to these objects by much later writers, who interpreted the objects in a way that reflected their own understanding of the cosmos.
The original use of the "Six Ritual Jades" became lost, with such jades becoming , with
and religious significance forgotten. The objects came to represent the status of the holder due to the expense and authority needed to command the resources and labour in creating the object. Thus it was as the "Ceremonial Jades" that the forms of some of these jades were perpetuated. The "Zhou Li" states that a king (wang) was entitled to gui of the zhen type, dukes (gong) to the huang, marquis to gui of the xin type, earls (bo) to gui of the gong type, viscounts (zi) to a bi of the gu type and barons (nan) to a bi of the pu type.
blade (zhang)(3rd millennium BC)
ring(2nd millennium BC)
(4th or 3rd century BC)
with two dragons
from the tomb of (c.&# BC)
(1st or 2nd century)
Sculpture of the head and torso of a ,
Dragon belt clasp(5th century)
Dragon(7th–9th century)
Cup with dragon handles(12th century) hi
Belt plaque with dragon(14th century)
Belt plaque with dragon(15th or 16th century)
Brushwasher in the form of a (16th century)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition 6th Ed, Vol. I. McGraw-Hill, 2010.
Pope-Henessey, Chapter II.
Howard, 19-22
Pope-Henessey, Chap. IV.
Desautels, Paul E. (1986), The Jade Kingdom, Springer, p. 81.
Martin, Steven. The Art of Opium Antiques. Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai, 2007
Howard, Angela Falco, Chinese sculpture, Yale University Press, 2006,  ,  .
Pope-Hennessy, Una, Early Chinese Jades, reprint edn. READ BOOKS, 2008,  ,  
Scott-Clark, Cathy and Levy, Adrian. (2002) The Stone of Heaven: Unearthing the Secret History of Imperial Green Jade.  
Watson, William, & Ho, Chuimei. The arts of China after 1620, Yale University Press Pelican history of art, Yale University Press, 2007,  ,  
Laufer, Berthold, 1912, Jade: A Study in Chinese Archeology & Religion, Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1974.
, 1975, Chinese Jade Throughout the Ages, London: Albert Saifer,  
. Taipei: National Palace Museum.
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