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河海大学研究生英语教程翻译(Unit11-20)
河​海​大​学​ ​研​究​生​英​语​教​程​(​第​五​版​)​ ​ ​主​编​ ​郑​亚​南​ ​河​海​大​学​出​版​社​ ​课​文​翻​译​(​U​n​i​t1​ ​T​h​e​ ​I​k​s​ ​、​U​n​i​t2​ ​T​h​a​n​k​s​g​i​v​i​n​g​…​)
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看到英语就会在脑中翻译成中文，有什么好处和坏处？
听到老师讲要养成英语的思维习惯，但总是不由自主的看到英文就会在脑中翻译成中文才知道什么意思，不然根本不懂。这样好吗？如果不好，要怎么改正？
“小姨来了，我和妈妈到车站去接，我们从外面把门锁上，好吧？”
“唔……嗯。”
对话发生在冬日凌晨，那年我十三岁，我们家还住平房。直到门外锁子咔哒一响，我才彻底清醒，随即在一股强大的懊恼波冲击下崩溃。“我也要去！”只是内心的呼喊，我知道已经为时太晚。记得当时没有飙泪，不过也差不多了Orz。
我爸讲的是中文，不用翻译也懂。但是在某些特殊情况下，居然就不知道是什么意思。这个例子表明，语言和意义是可以分开的。初学一门外语的时候，这种情形很常见。显然这是不好的。外语是桥梁，供人过河。如果有人建了一座水桥，得游泳才能过去，那还有什么意义？语言是工具，工具就得适用，靠翻译成汉语来理解英语就像水桥一样不适用。跟老外聊天的时候，你需要一半的时间来翻白眼（心里面翻译），这个场景想想也挺可笑吧。学以致用，这个样子是没法儿用的，不可能有工作机会降临。
怎么改正？这不是个改正的问题。如果能轻松改正，本科哪还要学四年。唯一需要改正的是观念。自己建造那座真正的桥。坚持阅读就能让这座桥一寸by一寸延伸直到抵达彼岸。起点必须是那些简单的读物。简单的意思是不需要翻译。This is a desk. 需要翻译吗？OK. Are you going to Scarborough fair？直到找到适合自己的材料。保持这个习惯：让大脑直接闪现意思，而不是母语。这一段说的是泛读。
精读的作用不同。精读课是处理语法、惯用法、文化背景，以及修辞、诗律、文学作品分析和所有其它有关英语综合水平的培养。其中相当大一部分内容都需要在泛读中得到消化。所以许多前辈主张精泛并举。比例可以自己定，三七，二八，或四六都行。但是越往后，泛读的比重应该越大。这是真正提高英语水平的唯一途径。
现实总是无比复杂。一本读物大部分能直接看懂意思，但是某些地方还需要翻译。那就翻译呗，不必太拘泥。flexibility的意思就是不要总是一根筋。如果大部分需要翻译，那这个读物不够简单。
“看/听到英语就会在脑中翻译成中文”有什么好处吗？那还用说，这就是学习英语的终极目标啊。当然反过来你也得会做，“看/听到中文就会在脑中翻译成英语”。不同之处在于，从前是主语→翻译+谓语→翻译+宾语→翻译=整句意义→句子翻译；现在是整句→意义→翻译。这样就可以派上用场了，找份工作是很容易的事儿。谢邀。
这种情况只可能发生在初学者身上。当你单词量大了以后，你是做不到看到英文就在脑子里翻译出来的。更多的情况是，明白了英文，但是想半天也不知道对应哪句中文好。
不是那么容易改的。
语言就相当于大脑中安装的操作系统，人思考的时候都会自然的使用母语。
如果想改成用英语思考，和把PC上的操作系统换成Mac一样的难度。除非你生下来就是使用英语，否则是没法使用英语思考的。
你能做到的就是让成中文的速度更快而已。
看到一个很长很长的回答，原谅我没能读下去。
小时候我认表是从电子表开始的，爸爸给我买了一块五块钱的塑料电子表，我欣喜若狂，几乎每隔一分钟我就报一次时，大声读出时间，但是我对那个时间却并没有什么概念。后来我大一点的时候，大人教我认石英钟，而我每次总是把时间翻译成电子表的那种数字，然后再去感觉时间。
我觉得很多人都会有这种体验，把你不熟悉的东西翻译成你熟悉的东西，然后加以理解。
然后回到楼主的问题上面来，很简单，造成这样结果的原因是你对英语不够熟练，还需要翻译成汉语，然后理解，如果你够熟练，这种翻译自然会停止，不用费心费神注意它，好好学英语就行了，就像，没人会在心里把“Hello”翻译成“你好”一样，因为足够熟练，大脑已经把Hello和感觉关联在一起了。
“KKSelinker认为，负责中介语建构的认知过程有五种，它们是：语言的迁移（language transfer）；训练的迁移(transfer of training)；第二语言学习的策略；第二语言交际的策略；目的语材料的过度泛化（overgeneralzation）。Selinker认为，学习者形成的中介语知识系统实际上是一系列心理语法，学习者利用这些语法来解释和产生言语。这些心理语法是动态的、易于变化的，随着学习的不断深入，中介语知识系统包含了越来越复杂的心理语法。Selinker认为，在第二语言学习过程存在着语言僵化(fossilization)现象。它是指某些非目的语的语法、语音等长期存在于中介语中，并且不易改变的现象。由于存在着语言僵化现象，使得多数学习者不能完全获得目的语的语言能力。”
你目前应当处于第一阶段。当然，这只是诸多第二语言习得理论之一，盼语言学的同学们做详细专业的解答。
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官方公共微信E-weeklyUnit 1 Why mom gets roses, and dad a collect call (为什么妈妈得到玫瑰,而爸爸得到的却是“对方付费电话”)美国人在母亲节和父亲节都会庆祝。然而，在这两个场合中，父亲和母亲从孩子那儿 收到的礼物却不相同。这篇文章研究了差异背后的问题。Let?s face it: there?s s
omething about a silk tie that strangles sentiment. 我们要面对这样一个事实：有些东西就像丝带一样，扼制了我们的情感表达。 Whereas May overflows with tender tokens for mom-measured by the 150 million greeting cards and the wire-jamming long-distance telephone calls--dear old dad generally will make do with much less this Sunday. As many dads know, Father?s Day is the No.1 day for collect call— and for proudly modeling a new glow-in-the-dark football tie. 尽管母亲节使五月充满了温情的礼物，包括 1 亿 5 千万张贺卡和多得使线路堵塞的长 途电话，但亲爱的老爸在这个周日却要凑合着少得多的纪念品。许多父亲都知道，父亲节 是“对方付费电话”最多的一天，也是父亲们骄傲地展示一条新的、会在暗处发光的足球领 带的最多的一天。 Even if dads don?t mind, the Father?s Day/Mother?s Day discrepancy nonetheless speaks to society?s views on parenthood and father?s role in raising children. “ the “gag gifts” associated with Father?s Day reflect the profound ambivalence（正反感情并存）that our culture feels about emotional connections to fathers,” says Scott Coltrane, a sociologist at the University of California at Riverside. 虽然父亲们并不在意，但父亲节和母亲节的差异依然说明了社会对于父母身份和父亲 在抚养孩子中的角色的看法。“那种与父亲节有关的、戏弄式的礼物反映了意义深远的矛 盾，这就是我们的文化所感觉到的与父亲情感上的联系。”加利福尼亚大学赛德分校的一 位社会学家 Scott Coltrane 说道。 But how Americans celebrate fatherhood may catch up with today?s dads, others say. “Gender roles and gender behavior are changing all the time,” says Frederic Brunel, associate professor of marketing at Boston University School of Management. 但是，也有人说，美国人庆祝父亲节的方式已经赶上了现代父亲们的节奏。波士顿大 学管理学院营销学副教授 Frederic Brunel 说：“性别角色和性别行为是一直在变化的。” There are some signs that may be happening. Hallmark?s wares feature few dads befuddled by diaper changes and more straight-faced sentiment. Boston?s Bella Sante spa recommends pampering pop with a manicure or facial,
offers tranquility fountains and European soaps. The top sellers, however, are a money clip, a pocket tool and a hand- cranked radio/light, proving that shopping for dad still comes down to “ties and tools,” as Mr.Brunel puts it. 这里有一些可能正在发生的标志。Hallmark 的商品很少考虑那些被尿布的变化弄糊涂 的父亲，更多的是直观的感情表达。波士顿的 Bella Sunte 温泉疗养地，推出了一种无微不 至的项目，包括修指甲、美容以及
提供的安宁喷泉和欧洲香皂。但是最畅销1E-weekly的还是钱夹、工具包和手拧收音机（或灯） 。这证明了 Brunel 先生所说的，买给父亲的礼 物始终还是那些领带工具之类。 Indeed, Americans? tendency to shy away from sentiment when it comes to their fathers is one explanation for the 10 million ties being handed out this Sunday—to say nothing of the scores of soap-on-a-rope and state-of-the-art pooper scoopers (for ergonomic walks with Rover) being gift-wrapped this weekend as symbols of filial piety 的确，美国人在面对父亲的时候有羞于表达感情的倾向，这也解释了为什么这个星期 天会有上千万条领带被送出---更不用说许多系着绳子的香皂和最新型的长柄粪铲（符合人 体工学，适合散步者）在这个周末被包装送出作为子女孝道的象征。 Father?s Day, first proposed in 1910, has played second violin to Mother?s Day throughout the 20th century. “There?s a sacredness attached to motherhood that we don?t attach to fatherhood,” says Mr. LaRossa. 父亲节在 1910 年被首次提出后，在整个 20 世纪一直处于比居母亲节低的次要地位。 “有一种神圣的感觉附着在母性上，这种感觉在父性上，我们却没有。 （把母亲放在神圣的 位置，而却不那么崇敬父亲）”LaRossa 先生说。 That comes through in the hoopla surrounding the two holidays. Dads got 95 million cards last year to moms? 150 million. Mother?s Day is the No.1 calling day in the US, according to AT&T, while Father?s Day registers the most collect calls. And moms got six times more posies in 1998 than did her parenting counterpart, according to an FTD survey. 这来自于围绕这两个节日的讨论。去年父亲们收到 9 千 5 百万张贺卡而母亲们收到 1 亿 5 千万张。据 AT&T 调查，母亲节是美国接电话最多的一天，而父亲节是注册对方付费 电话最多的一天。而根据 FTD 的调查，在 1998 年妈妈们收到的花朵是与她们相应的抚养 同伴们收到的 6 倍。 Some cultural experts say the expanding definition of “father” may also raise the profile of dads? special day. Now, one-third of all Father?s Day cards are sent to men other than dads. “The need for Father?s may become greater” as a way to honor stepfathers, grandfathers, and other men who have stepped in to fill a father?s shoes, says Mr. Thompson. “It might end up putting more juice into the holiday.” 一些文化专家说“父亲”定义的扩展也可能会提升父亲节的形象。现在，三分之一的父 亲节卡片是送给除父亲以外的男性的。Mr.Thompson 说：“父亲节的需要可能会变得更大 些”，作为一种表达对继父、祖父和那些扮演父亲角色的男性的敬意的方式，“它可能以给 父亲节增添更多的意义（精彩）而结束”2E-weeklyUnit 2 Several Languages Called English (几种被称为英语的语言) English isn’t managing to sweep all else before it---and if it ever does become the universal language, many of those who speak it won’t understand one another. 英语不会横扫一切在它之前的语言。如果有一天它变成世界通用语言，那些说它的人 也不会彼此理解。 Much of what will happen to English we can only speculate about. But let?s pursue an idea that language researchers regard as fairly well grounded: native speakers of English are already outnumbered by second-language and foreign-language speakers, and will be more heavily outnumbered as time goes on. 关于英语将会发生的许多变化，我们只能做出推测。但是让我们来追寻一个被语言 研究人员认为是有根据的观念，那就是以英语为第二语言或外语的说英语的人比以英语为 母语的人多，并且随着时间的推移，还将多更多。 One obvious implication is that some proportion of the people suing English for business or professional purposes around the world aren?t and needn?t be fluent in it. Recently I talked with Michael Henry Heim, a professor of Slavic literatures at the University of California at Los Angeles and a professional translator who has rendered into English major works by Milan Kundera and Gunter Grass. By his count, he speak “ten or so” languages. He told me flatly, “English is much easier to learn poorly and to communicate in poorly than any other language. I?m sure that if Hungary were the leader of the world, Hungarian would not be the world language. To communicate on a day-to-day basis---to order a meal, to book a room---there?s no language as simple as English.” Research, though, suggests that people are likely to find a language easier or harder to learn according to how similar it is to their native tongue, in terms of things like word order, grammatical structure, and cognate words. As the researcher Terence Odlin noted in his book Language Transfer(1989), the duration of full-time intensive courses given to Englishspeaking U.S. foreign-service personnel amounts to a rough measurement of how different, in these ways, other languages are from English. Today the courses for foreign-service employees who need to learn German, Italian, French, Spanish,or Portuguese last twenty-four weeks. Those for employees learning Swahili, Indonesian, or Malay last thirty-six weeks, and for people learning languages including Hindi, Urdu, Russian, and Hungarian, forty-four weeks. Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean take eighty-eight weeks. Note that all the world?s other commonest3E-weeklynative languages except Spanish are in the groups most demanding of English-speakers. It might be reasonable to suppose that the reverse is also true—that Arabic- and Chinese-speakers find fluency in English to be more of a challenge than Spanish-speakers do. 一个显而易见的推论：在世界上，一部分人是为了生意或职业目的而使用英语，他 们的英语不流利，也不需要流利。最近，我和 Michael Henry Heim 交谈过，他是洛杉矶 加利福尼亚大学的斯拉夫文学教授，也是一位职业翻译，他曾将 Milan Kundera 和 Gunter Grass 的主要著作译成英文。他算了一下，他能说出大约十种语言。他直截了当地 告诉我：“与其他任何语言相比，英语更容易简单学习和交流。我确信，如果匈牙利是世 界的领导者，匈牙利语也不会成为世界语言。在日常基本交流中，如点餐、订房等，没有 比英语简单的语言。”然而，研究表明人们或许会发现某种语言学起来更简单或更困难， 根据和他们的母语在某些方面的相似程度而言，比如语序、语法结构和同根词等。就像研 究人员 Terence Odlin 在他的《语言的演变》 （1989）一书中指出的：为说英语的美国涉外 服务人员开设的、全日制精读课程所需持续的时间，可以粗略地度量其他语言和英语的差 异程度。现在，为需要学习德语、意大利语、法语、西班牙语或葡萄牙语的涉外服务人员 开设的课程持续 24 周，为学习斯瓦西里语、印度尼西亚语或马来语的职员开设的课程持 续 36 周，学习海地语、乌尔都语、俄语和匈牙利语需要 44 周，阿拉伯语、汉语、日语、 韩语要花 88 周。注意，除了西班牙语以外，其他世界上最普遍的母语对说英语的人来说 都是非常难的。有理由认为反过来说也是正确的，即说阿拉伯语和说汉语的人会发现，与 说西班牙语的人相比，要说流利的英语对他们是更大的挑战。 A variety of restricted subsets of English have been developed to meet the needs of nonfluent speakers. Among these is Special English, which the Voice of America began using in its broadcasts experimentally some forty years ago and has employed part-time ever since. Special English has a basic vocabulary of just 1,500 words( The American Heritage Dictionary contains some 200,00 words, and the Oxford English Dictionary nearly 750,000), though sometimes these words are used to define non-Special English words that VOA writers deem essential to a given story. Currently VOA uses Special English for news and features that are broadcast a half hour at a time, six times a day, seven days a week, to millions of listeners worldwide. 为满足那些不流利的说英语人的需要，已经有许多有限形式的英语发展起来，特别 英语是其中之一，早在 40 年前美国之音就在试验性广播中开始使用它，从那时起就一直 在部分时间内使用。特别英语仅有 1500 个基本词汇（ 《美国传统字典》包括大约 200000 个词汇， 《牛津英语词典》有近 750000 个） ，但有时它们被用于解释非特别英语的词汇， 这些词汇被美国之音的作者们认为对一个给定的故事来说是基本需要的。现在，美国之音 使用特别英语向全世界数以百万计的听众播放新闻和特别报道，其中特别报道每周播放七 天，每天六次，每次半小时。 But restricted forms of English are usually intended for professional communities. Among the best known of these is Seaspeak, which ships? pilots around the world have used for the pa this is now being supplanted by SMCP, or “Standard Marine Communication4E-weeklyPhrases,” which is also derived from English but was developed by native speakers of a variety of languages. Airplane pilots and air-traffic controllers use a restricted form of English called Airspeak. 但是，有限形式的英语通常是供专业团体使用的，这其中最有名的是航海用语，全 世界的船舶领航员在过去大约几百年或更久的时间里都使用这种语言，现在，它已经被同 样起源于英语，但被不同语言的本土居民发展后的 SMCP（即“标准航海交流用语”）所代 替。飞机的领航员和空中交通管制员使用的是一种被称为航空语言的有限的英语形式。 Certainly, the world?s ships and airplanes are safer if those who guide them have some language in common, and restricted forms of English have no modern-day rivals for this role. The greatest danger language now seems to pose to navigation and aviation is that some pilots learn only enough English to describe routine situations, and find themselves at a loss when anything out of the ordinary happens. 确实，如果那些引导人员使用共同的语言，世界上的船舶和飞机将会更加安全，并 且由于它的这个功能使有限形式的英语没有当今的竞争者。现在，对于航海业和航空业， 由语言引起的最大危险似乎在于，一些领航员学习的英语只够描述常规状况，而出现意外 情况时他们就会觉得很困惑。 Something else obviously implied by the ascendance of English as a second and a foreign language is that more and more people who speak English speak another language at least as well, and probably better. India may have the third or fourth largest number of English-speakers in the world, but English is thought to be the mother tongue of much less than one percent of the population. This is bound to affect the way the language is used locally. Browsing some Englishlanguage Web aites from India recently, I seldom had trouble understanding what was meant. I did, however, time and again come across unfamiliar words borrowed from Hindi or another indigenous Indian language. On the site called India world the buttons that a user could click on to call up various types of information were labeled “samachar: Personalized News,” “dhan: Investing in India,” “khoj: Search India,” “khel: Indian Cricket,” and so forth. When I turned to the Afternoon Despatch & Courier of Bombay (some of whose residents call it Mumbai) and called up a gossipy piece about the romantic prospects of the son of Rajiv and Sonia Gandhi, I read, “Sources disclose that before Rahul Gandhi left for London, some kind of a ?swayamvar? was enacted at 10, Janpath with family friend Captain Satish Sharma drawing up a short list of suitable brides from affluent, well-known connected families of Uttar Pradesh. 英语作为第二语言或外语的支配地位也很明显地暗示，越来越多说英语的人也能很 流利的说其他语言，也许说的更好。印度说英语的人数可能在世界上排第三或第四位，但 以英语为母语的不到总人口的 1%，这肯定会影响英语在当地的使用方式。近来浏览一些 印度的英文网站，我很少有难以理解的情况，但是，我反复地碰到一些不熟悉的、出自印 地语或其它土生土长的印度语的词汇。在一个叫做“印度世界”的网站上，有一些按钮，使 用者可以点击它们以获得不同种类的信息，这些按钮标有“samachar：个性化新闻”、5E-weekly“dhan：印度投资”、“khoj：印度搜索”。“khel：印度板球”等等。当我转向《孟买下午电 讯与信使报》 （有些居民称之为 Mumbai）时，看到一篇关于 Rajiv 和 Sonia Gandhi 的儿 子浪漫前景的闲话，我读到这样一段话，“有消息透露，在 Rahul gandhi 离开去伦敦前， 一些“swayamvar”在十点钟制定出来，Janpath 和家族的朋友 Satish Sharma 上校草拟了一 份简短的、般配的新娘名单，她们来自于 Uttar Pradesh 地区富裕的、著名的相关家族。” Of course, English is renowned for its ability to absorb elements from other languages. As ever more local and national communities use English, though, they will pull language in ever more directions. Few in the world will care to look as far afield as the United States or Britain for their standards of proper English. After all, we long ago gave up looking to England-as did Indians and also Canadians, South Africans, Australians, and New Zealanders, among others. Today each of these national groups is proud to have its own idioms, and dictionaries to define them. 当然，英语以其吸收其他语言要素的能力而著称。然而，由于更多的地方性和国家 团体使用英语，他们会把英语推向更多的方向。世界上很少有人会像美国人和英国人那样 在乎自己的用语与正确的英语标准之间偏离的有多远。毕竟，很久以前我们就不用再看英 国的脸色了，就像印度做的那样，还有加拿大、南非、澳大利亚和新西兰以及其他国家也 这样。如今，这些国家集团的每个成员都为有他们自己的习语和定义这些习语的字典而自 豪。 Most of the world?s English-speaking communities can still understand one another wellthough not, perhaps, perfectly. As Anne Soukhanov, a word columnist for this magazine and the American editor of the Encarta world English dictionary, explained in an article titled “The King?s English it Ain?t,” published on the Internet last year, “Some English words mean very different things, depending on your country. In South Asia, a hotel is a restaurant, but in Australia, a hotel is an establishment selling alcoholic beverages. In South Africa, a robot is a traffic light. 世界上大多数说英语的团体也许还能彼此理解，尽管可能不完美。就像这本杂志的 一个文字专栏作家、 《电子百科世界英语词典》的美国编辑 Anne Soukhanov 在去年发表 于因特网的一篇名为“它不是英王国的英语”的文章中所解释的，“一些英语词汇意味着完 全不同的东西，这取决于你在哪个国家。在南亚，“hotel”指的是一个饭馆，但在澳大利亚 “hotel”却是一个销售含酒精饮料的设施。在南非，robot 指的是一个交通信号灯。”6E-weeklyUnit 3 Is internet Addiction Real (真的是网络上瘾吗？) Addiction is the state of a person being unable to free himself from a harmful habit, especially the taking of drugs. Can we say some people are addicted to the internet? This article gives us an answer. 上瘾是指一个人不能摆脱他的坏习惯的一种状态，特别是吸毒。我们能说有些人对 网络上瘾吗？这篇文章提供了一种答案。 Yes, that?s right, I said internet addiction. The idea is creeping into popular culture, too. Parents are warned about how long they should let their children stay online, and college students are lectured on appropriate Net use. Your employer may be monitoring your emails, or keeping tabs on how long you are spending surfing the internet. Addiction clinics around the world are fielding calls daily regarding excessive internet use. Whether you believe in the idea of Internet addiction or not, the phenomenon is gaining acceptance as as a bona fide psychological disorder. 是的，这就是我说的网络上瘾，这种观点也正蔓延到公众文化中。父母们被建议他 们应该让孩子上网多长时间，大学生们被告诫要适当地使用网络，你的老板也许正在监控 你的电子邮件，或者监视你上网的时间，遍及世界的上瘾门诊部正巧妙地回答那些每天都 有的、要求关注过度使用网络的呼吁。无论你是否相信网络上瘾的观点，这种现象作为真 正的心理混乱正在获得认可。 At first, I was also skeptical of claims that people are addicted to the internet. After 3 years of studying how people behave online, I still couldn?t see how people could actually be addicted to the Net. Sure, pelple can be “addicted” to chocolate or shopping, but is this really addiction? Is it worthy of a differential diagnosis? My immediate conclusion was that this was just another case of psychobabble, a pop psychology topic of the week. 最初，我还是怀疑那些所谓人们对网络上瘾的说法。对人们的在线行为研究了三年 之后，我仍然没有弄清楚，人们实际上是怎样对网络上瘾的。确实，人们可能会对巧克力 或者逛街上瘾，但那是真的上瘾吗？它值得去鉴别诊断吗？我的直接结论就是，它只不过 是这周流行的心理话题——“心理呓语”的另一种状况。7E-weeklyAfter investigating the phenomenon thoroughly, there was one nagging fact that kept popping up. Some people are simple using the internet too much. It has been report in numerous peer-reviewed journal article, and as an internet behavior researcher, I have actually seen it. How can we explain these people who seem to spend so much time on the web, often to the point that it interferes with normal functioning? The answer lies in the fundamental nature of the internet. First, however, I must settle a semantic disagreement. People are not addicted to the internet in the same way that they can be addicted to alcohol or cocaine. However, they do exhibit pathological behaviors, much as a compulsive gambler does. Therefore, a more appropriate term is pathological internet use, which describes the individual who use the internet in such a way that there are pathological internet in such a way that there are pathological and behavioral implications. However, if that is much of a mouthful for you to remember, let?s stick with internet addiction for the sake of simplicity. 在彻底地调查了这种现象之后，有一种令人不安的事实突然浮现出来，那就是有些 人简直过多使用网络。这种情况在许多学术期刊文章中被提到过，作为一个网络行为研究 者，我也确实看到了这种现象。我们怎样解释这些似乎在网络上花了很多时间的人，通常 达到了扰乱正常机能的程度？对这个问题的回答依赖于网络的基本特征。但我要先解决一 个语义上的争论，即：人们对网络上瘾的方式和对酒精、可卡因上瘾是不一样的。然而， 他们确实表现出病态的行为，更像一个嗜赌成癖的赌徒所做的那样。因此，一个更合适的 术语是“病态的网络使用”，它描述了个人使用网络的这样一种方式，其中有心理的和行为 的暗示。但如果这个内容太多，让你难以一下子记住，为了简便目的，就让我们保持“网 络上瘾”这个叫法吧。 The reason that the Internet has become so popular is that it is extremely efficient as a communication tool. It allows us to be anonymous when we want, or to stand on a virtual soapbox and let the world know just what we think of it. However, more than a mere communication tool, the internet is also a tool for entertainment. It is, simply, fun. We can play games, role play( i.e. pretend to be anyone we want), meet other people, listen to music, poke fun at political leaders, and watch dancing babies to our heart?s content. Sure, there are annoying banner ads all over the web, and people send you strange e-mails once in a while, but for the most part spending time online is an enjoyable experience. 那么，既然我们有了定义，到底是什么让人对网络那么上瘾呢？好的，让我们先从 为什么使用网络开始。首先，网络是一个交流工具，我们主要是交流思想和信息。作为一 种交流媒介和信息媒介，我们在工作场所、学校、家里和办公室都要使用网络。我们为了 某个学术项目查找信息，工作中做一个市场调查报告，发黄色笑话的邮件给其他人，在老 板正好进来时立即发信息警告同事。网络变得如此流行的原因是，它作为一个交流工具极 其高效。它让我们想匿名就匿名，还可以进行一场虚拟的高谈阔论并让世界都知道我们怎 么看待它。但网络不仅仅是一个交流工具，还是一个娱乐工具，简单地说，它很有趣。我 们可以打游戏，玩角色扮演（也就是假装成任何我们想像的人） ，会见其他人，听音乐，8E-weekly取笑政治领导人，尽情欣赏舞蹈宝贝。当然，网上到处都是烦人的条幅广告，不时还有人 给你发一些奇怪的电子邮件，但在线的大部分时间还是一种令人愉快的体验。 当我们把交流和娱乐混为一体时，我们就被置于一种媒体中，它正难以置信地吸引 人们的兴趣。显而易见的，在网络上我们可以很开心地与他人交流，总能找到一种方法来 （比喻地）突然打击我们集体的智力。在有些情况下，人们会走向极端，迷失在网络世界 里，这对他们离线后的真实世界造成了伤害，长此以往就会导致日常生活机能的问题。 What are the symptoms of Internet addiction? They include: academic/work or interpersonal problems, neglecting friends, family, and job or personal responsibilities, withdrawal when away from the internet, irritability when attempting to stop using the Internet, staying online more than originally intended, lying or concealing how much time you spend online, drastic lifestyle changes in order to spend more time online, a general decrease in physical activity, disregard for one?s health as a result of internet activity, and sleep deprivation or a change in sleep patterns in order to spend time on the net. 网络上瘾的症状是什么？它们包括：学术、工作或人际关系出现问题，忽视朋友、 家庭、工作或个人职责，远离网络又回来，试图不上网时焦躁不安，在线时间远远超出原 计划，撒谎或隐瞒上网所花的时间，为了花更多时间上网造成生活方式显著改变，体力活 动普遍减少，因上网导致忽视个人健康，为了有时间上网而缺乏睡眠或是改变睡眠习惯。 People with internet addiction not only behave differently, they also think differently. They have obsessive thoughts about the Internet, diminished impulse control, and feel as though the Internet is their only friend. There is the feeling that the Internet is the only place where they feel good about themselves and the world around them. Other symptoms include thinking about the Internet while offline, anticipating future time online, and spending large of amounts of money on Internet time and other such expenses. The person spends less time doing otherwise pleasurable activities than before the condition began. What used to be fun is no longer enjoyable. A further complication arises when the person eventually isolates himself or herself from friends, in favor of friends online. Finally, people with Internet addiction have a sense of guilt about their online use. They often lie to their friends about how much time they spend online, and consider their Internet use a secret to others. While they understand that what they are doing is not entirely socially acceptable, they cannot stop. This results in a diminished self worth and further symptoms of Internet addiction. So, there you have it. Quite a laundry list of symptoms, huh? It might seem hard to believe, but people do actually have this condition. There are people out there who are otherwise completely normal, just like you and me (well, maybe just you), who fit into this pattern of thoughts and behaviors perfectly. What can they do about it? Although they will likely be somewhat reluctant, the best thing they can do is get professional help. Tell them to talk to their doctor or seek out a psychologist who will help them address their Internet addiction and identify a strategy to conquer it. 上网成瘾的人不仅行为怪异，而且想法也很异常。他们对网络有着痴迷的想法，对9E-weekly自己的冲动控制减弱，而且还觉得网络仿佛是他们唯一的朋友。他们有一种感觉，网络是 唯一使他们对自己感到满意和对他们周围的世界感到满意的地方。其他症状还包括：离线 时仍然想着网络，期盼着下次的上网，花费大量金钱在网络上和其他类似的费用上。他们 在其他娱乐活动上花费的时间比上述状况出现前要少的多，曾经有趣的事情现在再也不能 给他们愉悦感了。当他（她）最终将不再和朋友们交往，而是和网上的朋友交往的时候， 就会出现进一步的并发症。最后，有网瘾的人会对他们上网有一种内疚感，他们经常欺骗 他们的朋友关于他们在网上花费的时间 ，也把他们上网看作是对其他人的一种秘密。虽然 他们知道自己的所作所为并不被社会完全认可，但他们无法停止，这导致了他们自我价值 的降低和上网成瘾的进一步症状。那么，你有这些症状吗？是不是有一大张要改掉的网瘾 清单，嗯？这个似乎让人难以置信，但人们确实存在这种情况。有些在其他方面显而易见 是完全正常的人，就像你和我（喔，也许只是你） ，他们完全符合这种思想和行为方式。 对此他们该怎么办？尽管他们很可能有些不愿意，但最好还是寻求一下专业帮助，让他们 跟医生谈一谈，或是找一个心理医生，他要能让他们说出自己的网瘾症状，并帮他们制定 一个战胜网瘾的策略。Unit 4 Is One Successful by Chance or by Fate 成功是偶然还是命运 In the scientific world of controlled experiments, chance is seldom acknowledged as a contributing factor in important discoveries. There are, however, rare exceptions. In 1945 three men shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for the discovery and isolation of penicillin. How rare was this serendipitous event and was the discovery of penicillin really the result of an unexpected chance observation by a single researcher?10E-weekly在由可控实验构成的科学领域，机遇很少被看成是重大发现中起作用的因素。然 而，有一些罕见的例外。1945 年，有三个人因为发现并提取青霉素而分享了当年的诺贝尔 生物或医学奖。这一偶然发现的事情到底有多罕见？青霉素的发现真的是单个研究人员一 次意外的偶然观察的结果吗？ The scientific method is typically noted for its ord In fact, we are taught that without these characteristics, experimental research may yield invalid results. Therefore, chance should play little or no role in the process of the scientific method. But what is chance? When is chance truly an accident and when is ti foreseeable? Historically, some chance discoveries have led to startling new ideas that eventually directed important further scientific investigation of natural phenomena. 科学方法以其规律性和可操作性著称。事实上，我们受到的教育是：没有这些特 性，实验研究可能产生无效的结果，因此，在科学方法的发展过程中机遇所发挥的作用应 该很小或是没有的。但什么是机遇呢？什么时候机遇真是一次偶然，什么时候它又可以预 见呢？历史上，一些偶然的发现导致了令人吃惊的新思想，并最终为对自然现象的重要 的、进一步的科学研究指明了方向。 If the role of science is to examine the world around us in a way which uncovers new and sometimes unexpected information, then science itself is intrinsically surprising. Even a deliberate scientific search for information may lead to an unexpected chance observation or discovery must fit into a pre-existing pattern of ideas in the observer?s mind. Just as a word means little out of context, a new observation or discovery needs a proper context in which to fit in order to be most meaningful. In other words, the mind must be prepared to receive the germ of a new idea. What is “chance” for the unprepared mind may be a fascinating springboard to new ideas for the prepared mind. 如果科学的作用是以这样一种揭示新信息和有时不可预测信息的方式去观察分析我 们周围的世界，那么科学本身从根本上来说就是令人惊奇的。甚至一次有计划的科学研究 中的信息搜寻也可能会导致一个预料不到的偶然观察结果或发现。但是，为了让它有意 义，每个观察结果和发现都必须与观察者头脑中的思维模式相吻合。正如一个单词脱离了 上下文就毫无意义一样，一个新的观察或发现也需要一个与之相吻合的适当的环境，以使 它更有意义。换句话说，一个人必须在思想上做好准备去迎接一个新思想的萌芽。这样一 个对没有在思想上做好准备的人的“偶然性”，对一个已经在思想上做好备的人来说，它也 许就是一个令人心醉的（吸引人的、通向新思想的）跳板。 Louis Pasteur wrote, “In the field of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind.” Discovery, like learning, is a phenomenon that takes place in the human brain. The brain configures an event as a new pattern based on previous assumptions that were present at the onset of the event. Lewis Thomas, renowned science author and former president of Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center stated, “I?m not as fond of the notion of serendipity as I used to be. It seems to me now that as you get research going… things are bound to begin happening if you?ve11E-weeklygot your wits about you. You create the lucky accidents.” Many scientists agree with that position. Louis Pasteur（巴斯德）写道，“在科学观察领域里，机遇只垂青那些思想上有准备 的人。”发现就像学习一样，是一种发生在人类大脑中的现象。人脑使某件事成形为基于 先前假定的一种新模式，这一假定在事件开始时就已经存在了。Lewis Thomas(著名科学 作家和 Slaon-kettering 癌症中心前负责人)说：“我不像以前那样轻信好运的观点了，现在 在我看来：你开展研究时…如果你能随机应变，有些事是肯定会发生的（肯定会发生各种 情况，只有你用心去做） 。是你自己创造了那些幸运的偶然事件。”许多科学家赞成这种观 点。 让我们回到对青霉素发现和分离的讨论上来，这一过程包含了一系列偶然事件，它 们至少跨越了半个世纪，并且是建立在早在公元前 1500 年就已获得的知识的基础上的。正 是在那时，文献记载描述了真菌和发酵材料作为治疗媒介的运用。类似的，化学制品作为 药物的应用在公元前 5 世纪的古希腊文学作品中有所描述。在没有对那些起作用的媒介或 涉及的细胞进程很好地理解的情况下，就使用了这些早期的治疗措施，它们也许治好了病 人，也可能杀死了病人。直到 19 世纪后期，在这个战线前沿才取得了进步，作出了共同努 力以识别和分离一些物质，这些物质会抑制或摧毁已知的人类疾病的致病媒介。还有，在 这个过程中，“偶然”发挥了作用。 In the late 1800?s bacteriologists and microbiologists set out to identify substances with therapeutic potential. One of the greatest problems faced by these scientists during their studies was the contamination of “pure” cultures by invading microorganisms, especially fungi or bacteria---a problem which still plagues the modern day microbiologist. It is this problem of contamination which is most often identified as leading to the “chance” observation that eventually led to the discovery of penicillin. 十九世纪后期，细菌学家和微生物学家开始致力于鉴别有疗效的物质。在研究期 间，这些科学家们面临的最主要问题之一，就是 “纯净”的培养菌被侵入的微生物污染，特 别是真菌或细菌---这个问题仍在困扰着当代微生物学家。正是这样一个个经常被鉴别出的 污染问题导致了“偶然”观察，并最终导致了青霉素的发现。 1981 年，英国外科医生 Joseph Lister()注意到：被霉菌污染的尿液样本 扼制了细菌的生长。Lister 在尝试分离抑制细菌成长的霉菌中的媒介物时没能成功，随后 他放弃了这项研究，转向把杀菌程序和消毒机械引入手术室，并获得了更大的成功。 从而，青霉素的“偶然”发现就被 Alexander Fleming 于 1928 年获得。从高中到大 学，在绝大多数教科书中，Fleming 都被认为是青霉素的唯一发现者。然而，Fleming 的发 现只不过是一个侥幸的成功，这个成功是建立在，至少是部分建立在 Roberts, Pasteur, Lister, Joubert 及其他故人的偶然观察所提供的知识的基础之上的。毫无疑问，Fleming 当 时正在研究抑制细菌的物质。1928 年，他正在研究已知的、被称为葡萄球菌素的菌群属 性，就在那时，他成了又一个受益于似乎是偶然的发现的人，一长串同类科学家之一。在 进行研究时，他所碰到的问题是培养盘频繁地被空气传播的真菌所污染。有一天，他看到 一个污染了的培养盘，并注意到在一个直接围绕着一个入侵真菌的区域里，葡萄球菌像是12E-weekly向外爆炸一样的生长。他意识到在这个霉菌中存在着某些东西，正在抑制周围细菌的生 长。随后，Fleming 从这个霉菌中分离出一种提炼物，并命名为“青霉素”。尽管有这个成 功，但 Fleming 在进一步尝试提练青霉素的浓缩提纯物时却失败了，并且，他没有证实它 的医疗价值。 It wasn?t until ten years later, in 1939, that Ernst Chain, Howard Florey and Edward Abraham of Oxford University were able to purity and stabilize a form of penicillin that enabled demonstration of its therapeutic potential. Again, chance favored their work. Unknown to them, the species of animal that they chose for laboratory studies turned out to be one of few species that do not find penicillin toxic. Had they chosen to work with a species other than the one they chose, they might have deemed penicillin too toxic for use, and humankind would have been deprived of the phenomenal life-saving ability of this drug. 直到 10 来年后，在 1939 年，牛津大学的 Ernst Chain、Howard Florey 和 Edward Abraham 才提炼出了精纯和稳定的青霉素，并证实了它的治疗潜力。又一次，“偶然”光顾 了他们的工作。他们不知道的是，他们当时用于试验的动物恰好是少数几种对青霉素的毒 性不过敏的物种。如果当时他们选择的试验样品是其他的动物，他们或许就会认为青霉素 的毒性过大而无法用于人体，那么人类也许就会与青霉素这个有着罕见的拯救生命能力的 药物失之交臂。 Though scientists pride themselves and the theories of science as being based on methodical research and the scientific method, one notes that key discoveries often occur by chance or serendipity. Luck or a scientific event whose time had come? With the current demands on scientific research to solve critical problems and provide modern amenities, the unexpected, chance event should not be discounted. 虽然科学家们以自己为骄傲，以建立在有条不紊的研究和科学方法上的科学理论为骄 傲，但值得注意的是重大的发现经常源自于偶然或好运气。是幸运事件还是科学事件？谁 的时代已经来临？伴随着当前要解决重要问题和提供现代生活福利设施的科学研究的需 要，未预期的、偶然的事件不应被忽视。13E-weeklyUnit 10 — Student Motivation to Learn动力是一种潜在的情形和状态（有是被描述为一种需要，渴望或者需求），这种状态使 人们的行为活动起来并给予其能量。学生的动力与他们参与学习过程的欲望有关。是什么 因素影响学生动力的发展呢？学习的动力是如何培养起来的？本文将给出解释。 不管是婴儿还是小孩，他们看起来都会受好奇心的推动，由一种强烈的探索欲望驱 使，感受他们周围的环境并与它相互作用。正如一个作家指出“极少听到父母抱怨他们的 小孩在学前是不积极的”。 不幸的是，随着孩子的成长，他们学习的热情急剧地降低了。学习常常成为一件苦差 事而并非乐事。有超过 1/4 的大量学生辍学。而更多的是身在曹营心在汉，他们根本不能 全身心地投入学习。 了解学生对于学习发展的态度和信念，以及是什么使学习由于自身的原因而变得容 易，这将有助于教育工作者降低学生学习的冷漠态度。 什么是学生的动力？ 学生学习的动力通常与学生参与学习过程的欲望有关。但也与他们参与或不参与学习 活动的原因和目标有关。即使学生们同样可能受鼓励去完成一个任务，但是他们的动力是 不同的。 一个具有内在动力的学生，他参与活动是为了活动本身，为了活动本身提供的乐趣， 为了能从中学到什么，或是为了活动所引发的优越感。而处于一个处于外在动力的学生， “他往往是为了得到某种奖赏，或是避免一些外在惩罚。”诸如成绩、难题和老师的认可。 学习动力这个词的意义稍有差别。有位作家做了这样的定义，学习动力就是学术活动 对于学习者产生的意义、价值和利益，不管学生是否发自内心的兴趣。而另外的则认为， 学习动力有如下特点：长期的过程、需要注重学习质量和付出精力到学习过程中。 学生学习动力发展的影响因素有哪些？ Jere Brophy 在 1987 年提出，学习动力是一种能力，它能够“通过一般经验来获得，但 大部分直接通过那些对孩子来说重要的其它人（特别是他们的父母和老师）为孩子作出的 榜样，和孩子进行预期交流，以及通过对孩子的指导教育或者是社会化教育来刺激获得”。 孩子的家庭环境形成了他们在学习中发展起来的最初态度。通过欢迎孩子提出问题， 鼓励他们探险，以及让他们熟悉那些能扩大他们视野的资源，当父母通过这些方法来培养 他们小孩对世界的天然好奇心时，他们往往给孩子这样一种信息，那就是学习是值得的并 且常常是有趣的和令人感到满足的。14E-weekly当孩子在一个培养他们，使他们具有自我价值感、能力感、自治和自我效能的家庭里 长大时，他们更易于接受学习的内在风险。相反，当孩子认为自己不具备基本的能力时， 他们参与学术挑战追求的意愿，以及容忍和处理失败的能力将会大大减少。 一旦孩子开始上学，他们就开始形成与学校里的成功和失败有关的信念。通常孩子们 会把成功归因于努力、能力、运气或者是任务的难易程度，把失败归因于缺乏能力，通常 这些原因对于他们处理学习中的问题有很重要的意义。 老师本身关于教学和学习的信念，以及他们对学生持有的自然的期望同样发挥着重要 的作用（Raffini）。正如 Deborah Stipek 所说（1988），“在很大程度上，如果老师期望学 生学习，那么学生将会期待学习。” 整个学校的目标，策略和程序同样能够影响教室的氛围和练习，这些将会对学生越趋 复杂的学习给予肯定或者改变，而它们与态度和信念有关。 年龄增大也是影响他们学习动机的另一个因素。例如，年级偏小的小孩往往对成功保 持着较高的期望，甚至当他面对不断失败的时候，然而年纪大点的学生就不是这样了。较 小的小孩往往都把努力看作是积极的，而年长的学生却将它看作是一把 “双刃剑” （Ames）。对他们来说，与很少努力或是不努力导致的失败相比，付出较大努力后得到的 失败将会带来更多消极的含义，特别是在对他们自身能力的评估上。 内在动力是否具有优势呢？ 搞清楚学生最初是由内因还是外因来对待学习真的很重要吗？越来越多的证据表明它 是重要的。 在内在动力的驱使下，学生往往会采用一种需要更多努力，并且能使他们更深入地处 理信息的策略。 J.Condry 和 J.Chambers (1978)发现，当学生们面对复杂的智力任务时，相对于那些具 有外在倾向性的学生，具有内在倾向性的学生采用更合乎逻辑的信息采集和决策战略。 同时，具有内在倾向性的学生往往喜欢具有适度挑战性的任务，然而具有外在倾向性 的学生喜欢那些低难度的任务并且喜欢做一些低投入高产出的事情。 虽然不可能每个教学活动，也许也不应该从内在来激励学生,但是，研究表明老师能利 用学生已有的内在动力，是有一定潜在的好处的。 在学校环境下如何培养学习的动力？ 虽然学生的动机历史会伴随他们进入每一个新的学习环境，但是对于老师来说，将他 们自己视为“能够激励学生学习能动性的社会主体”是相当重要的。 课堂气氛非常重要。如果学生处在一个相互关心和支持的课堂里，那是一个具有归属 感的地方，并且在那里每个人都能实现自我价值和受到尊重，那么他们往往更多地参与到 学习中去。 不同程度的任务也能培养学生的学习动力。理想情况下，任务应该具有挑战性，但能 够实现。有社会实用性的事也能促使动力的形成，如“背景化”的学习，它能帮助学生看到15E-weekly在现实的世界中技能是如何被应用的。具有适度差异或不调和成分的任务是有益的，因 为，他们能激发学生的好奇心，是内在的促进因素。 此外，根据具体的短期目标下任务能帮助学生将努力与成功联系起来。利用口头的形 式向学生介绍具体任务的目的也是有益的。另一方面，外在的奖励应该慎重使用，因为， 这对降低他们现存的内在动力是有潜在影响的。 课堂上发生的事情至关重要，但课堂并不是孤岛。学校的目标将冲淡或加强课堂努 力，这取决于它们与课堂目标和实践的一致程度。为了增强学习动力，学校级别的政策与 实践应该强调“学习、主要任务和努力”，而不是与之无关的表现和竞争。 如何帮助被动学习的学生? 对教育工作者而言第一步要认识到当学生运用一些弄巧成搓的小伎俩（如不努力、欺 骗、拖延等等），他们的目标其实是在保护他们自身价值的意识。 一种被称为“归因训练”的过程，涉及到榜样，社会化以及实践练习，有时被运用到灰 心的学生身上。归因训练的目的是帮助学生：（1）将精力集中到任务的根本上来，而不是 因害怕失败而心灰意冷；（2）通过回溯过程发现错误或另辟蹊径解决问题，而不是放弃来 回复挫折；（3）把失败归因于努力不够，缺乏信息，依耐无效率的策略，而不是缺乏能 力。 其他潜在有用的策略包括以下几个方面：将努力视为投资而不是冒险，将能力增长视 为对特定领域掌握的增强。 因为潜在的有为自身而学习的意识是非常难能可贵，所以，对于家长，老师及学校领 导而言，很重要的一点就是致力于引起，保持及重新唤起学生的学习动力。16E-weeklyUnit 14 Sparking Jewels We already own the gifts we spend a lifetime seeking .The secret to finding the treasure involves opening your eyes and your heart. 我们已经拥有我们花费终生精力所追寻的天赋。发现财富的秘诀就在于观察和敞开你 的心扉。 “Yep, there?s no doubt about it. That young man is going to grow up and be somebody,” said the schoolmarm. “He?s quiet a pistol!” “毫无疑问，那位年轻人将会成为一位有名的人物，他非常有前途。”乡村女教师讲到。 Everyone in the small midwestern town could agree on one thing—if you were looking to place a bet on who was going to running the town, or whole lot more in the future, the money was on Silas Harper. 那个位于中西部的小村子里的每一个人都赞美一件事：如果你为谁会将跑出这个村子， 或者将来谁有出息打赌的话，赢的肯定是 Silas。 Though only a boy of 12, Silas exhibited all the characteristics that ingratiated his elders. It was hard not to like the kid--cheerful, enthusiastic, diligent, helpful—your typical boy scout type. 虽然他只有 12 岁，Silas 已经展现出让许多长者都喜欢的性格，欢快，热情，勤奋， 乐于助人，一个典型的童子军的形象。 Even when the train rolled into town with its billowing steam engine, Silas was there to greet the visitors and help them with their baggage. Sometimes they?d toss him a penny tip. 甚至于当蒸汽火车经过那个村子的时候，Silas 会问候那些旅客，帮助都他们拿行李， 有时旅客会奖励他几便士 But Silas also wondered where those tracks went. He heard stories and was able to read about far off places. Someday, he?d be able to get on that train and find out what it was like. 但是 Silas 也想知道这些火车驶向何方，他听过一些故事从中知道一些遥远的地方，一 天他登上了火车去寻找那些故事到底是怎么样。 “I sure would like to see where that goes,” he told his parents. “我确信那辆火车将驶向哪去”他告诉他得父母。 His family eked out a meager existence on a less than desirable piece of property on the outskirts of town. The rocky outcrops on the small Arkansas farm did not bode well for wheat or corn, so the Harpers did what they could with some livestock and doing odd jobs for the others families in town. Silas , as always, did more than his share to help with the chores. 他的家庭只想在镇的郊区过粗劣的生活而不去追求荣华富贵。小 Arkansas 农场中。土地 上，并不适合于种植小麦和玉米。所以他只能养些家禽并为村子里的其他家庭打工.Siles 也 经常为别人干活。 As he grew into adulthood, his ambitions and charm only grew. He a natural gift for business17E-weeklyand local folks even sought his advice. Some thought he would become a banker or lawyer. But Silas had bigger dreams than that. 当他成年后，他的雄心和魅力也在变大。他有经商的天赋以致当地的居民经常来询问 他的意见。一些人认为他将成为一个银行家或律师。但是他有更大的目标。 “My dad?s farm is a nice place, but what would I do with that property?” he asked friends. He didn?t get any arguments. The farm was hardly workable for all intents and purposes was “good for nothing.” “我爸爸的农场是一个好地方，但是难道我只能做这份工作吗?&他问他的朋友们，但他 得不到任何的建议。这个农场仅仅是个能够工作但是没有任何的前途。 By the time he was 19, Silas had saved enough money to board the train and head west to seek his fame and fortune. He set up an important business in San Francisco and was not only well received by the business community there, but achieved success in a relatively short time . Colleagues liked and trusted him. It seemed that luck was on his side, until several years later when he stood on the street and cried while he watched a fire destroy his business. Everything he had worked for had gone up in smoke. 直到他 19 岁时，Silas 已经赚够足够的钱。他坐着那辆火车去西部寻找财富和好运。他 在旧金山建立了很大的产业，而且得到了当地商业委员会的接受。他在很短的时间内取得 了成功。同僚们都很喜欢他，似乎好运都站在他这边。直到几年以后他在街道上眼睁睁的 看着一场大火将他的产业烧毁。他过去所有的努力都在硝烟中消失。 But nothing and no one would ever stand in his way. 所有的一切和人都不站在他那一边了。 “I must say that I thought that was the worst day of my life,” Silas later recalled, “but that wasn?t the only setback I experienced as destiny handed me my fate.” “我必须说那是我人生中最黑暗的一段时间”他后来回忆到。“那不是一次的挫折，而更 是命中注定的& Indeed, Silas spent the next forty years spanning the globe, living in exotic places, and putting deals together. However, he was overtaken with illness, dishonest business partners, and other misfortunes. He wanted to finally settle in New York City, but even then , circumstances caused him to lose whatever he had in a severe economic downturn. 的确，他在以后的 40 年中横越了地球，住在奇异的地方，整合交易。无论怎样，他 都经历过了疾病，不忠诚的伙伴，其他的一些坏运气。他最后迁到了纽约。当时即使在 那，低迷的经济环境依然让他损失了他所有的一切。 “I couldn?t believe how one person could stumble upon such misfortune,” he said, describing himself. “我很难想像一个人能够经得起那样的坏运气。”他形容自己道。 He sought peace and contentment by eventually finding his way back home. The old homestead had been boarded up for many years, and the farmhouse was in desperate need for18E-weeklyrepair. But Silas enjoyed the company of his old friends, and he invested what he had to fix the place up. 他最终踏上了回家的路去寻找那份宁静和满足。他家以前的老房子已经封闭了好多 年，房子已经显得很破烂。但他喜欢和他公司的一些老朋友在一起。因此他投资那些地方 重新装修。 Silas was an old man now, and whatever time he had left, he?d spend playing checkers and weaving spellbinding tales of his adventures overseas. The activity would help stave off his bitterness of not living the luxurious life he had always planned on. He had played by the rules, looked out for his fellow man, and yet, was left with nothing. Siles 现在已经是个老人，余生里他喜欢下跳棋和编些在他越洋冒险中遇到的妖魔鬼 怪的故事。这些业余爱好能帮助他忘掉不能过着豪华的生活所带来的痛苦。 One spring day, Silas was relaxing in his rocking chair on the back porch of the old farmhouse. He enjoying reading the paper and his trusty pipe was always a companion. It was a nice day. But something was about to happen that would make it very special. 在一个春天的日子里，他正在他老房子的走廊上休息，看着报纸，抽着烟。那是美好的 一天，但是将要发生一些特别的事情。 A glint of sunlight had caught his eyes. I caused him to look up and search the rocky field. “I couldn?t figure out where that gleam of light had come from,” he said. “I thought some of the local children were fooling me with a reflection from a mirror.” 一束阳光引起了他的注意。他试图去寻找反光的石头。我不确定这光从哪里而来。可能 是孩子们用一面反光的镜子和他开玩笑。”事后他回忆道。 But it happened again and Silas caught the spot in the field where the ray of light had come from. He got up, walked over to the spot, knelt down, and saw something. 但是事情再次发生的时候，他注意到光来自于地板上的一个污点。他起身走过出，看着 那个点。 “A t that point,” he said, “I tried to look more closely. My eyesight hadn?t been the best, so I got my spectacles out. I can?t say I know one rock from another, but I have been around enough to think I know what I was looking at.” “我仔细的看着那个点，试图看清楚，但是我的眼睛已经看不清了，所以我找来了眼 镜。我不认识那些岩石。但是我发现了新的东西。 Within a week, geologists from a state of university had confirmed his found. Silas was looking at a diamond. But that?s not all. They had surveyed his property and discovered this place was littered with diamond—so many in fact, that Silas was now sitting on largest diamond field in North America. 在后来的一个星期里，国立大学来的地质专家肯定了他的发现，他发现的是钻石。 他发现的是钻石，但是他发现的只是一小部分，据他们测量后，这块地充满了非常多的钻 石。 他坐落在北美最大的钻石宝地上。19E-weeklyThat worthless piece of rock infested earth—the same one that Silas had forsaken decades before for distant lands—turned out to be one of the most valuable piece of real estate anywhere. He was now sitting on acres of diamonds. 这个地球上有很多无价值的岩石，就像他抛弃的这十几年而去遥远的地方去寻找机遇， 却放弃了最有价值的宝地。他现在站在数英亩的钻石之上。 If Silas was bitter before, he could only kick himself now. “If I had only know,” he told friends, “that my riches were not only right in font of me, but given to me early, I would have lived my life very differently.” 如果他之前很痛苦的话，现在他只有懊悔了，如果我很早就知道的话，我的生活就会发 生很大的改变。 As a rich celebrity, Silas spent the remaining years of his life going to schools and telling students the lessons he learned. They listened intently. 成了一位名人以后，他在以后的日子里到学校去演讲，告诉学生妹他的人生经历，学生们 听得津津有味。 “Please hear me,” he pleaded. “Don?t think for a minute that what you are looking for is down that track, or even the next hill. Don?t be fooled into thinking that someone else has what you want. Yes, strive for what you seek. Work hard and honestly for what you want. But don?t blind yourself to what you can find in front of you right now!” “听我说，不要去想你所要的东西是否在你奋斗的路上，不要去愚蠢的羡慕别人有你想 要的东西。你要做的就是去寻找，去努力工作，并忠实于你的追求。不要欺骗自己认为你 要找的东西就在你的前方。” “Do you seek contentment and happiness? Do you seek peace of mind? Do you seek prosperity? It really doesn?t matter what you want, because you are all sitting on your own acres of diamonds. It?s all there. You really have the key to unlock the treasure. 你正在寻找满足和快乐吗？你正在寻求心理的宁静吗？你在寻求财富吗？这都不重 要，因为你站在数英亩的钻石之上，你已经拥有了开启财富的钥匙。”es you own.” “It took me a lifetime to discover the secret I am telling you now. Please don?t understand. I?m not telling you to scratch the dirt. I?m not telling you to go to trouble of running with a shovel. No, it?s much easier than that. You don?t even have to get your hands dirty!” “这个秘密花了我一辈子的时间去发现，请不要误解我，我不是要告诉你们去挖泥土， 我不是要告诉你们拿着铁锹在府外跑。不，这都比那些简单，你甚至不用把自己的双手弄 脏。” “The trick to finding your treasure involves opening your eyes, and opening your heart. Look in front of you, and within you. Some of you are so blind to the obvious, you can?t see it. Some of you are too busy to notice. And some of you afraid to look because you have grown comfortable struggling with troubles you?ve come to expect.” 秘诀就是睁开你的眼睛，打开你的心灵，看着你的前方和你，其中的一些人会对很明显的20E-weekly东西视而不见。其中的一些人会因为太忙碌而毛去注意，其中的一些人会不愿去承认是因 为他们已经习惯了那些所能想到的困难去努力奋斗。” “Believe me when I tell you that you have been given everything you need. You already own the gifts you seek. They were given to you a long time ago. Don?t spend your lifetime seeking your happiness, when in reality, you already have the means to it.” “相信我，你已经得到了你想要的一切，你已经拥有了你所追求的财富。他们已经在你身 上很久了。不要再去寻找什么快乐。因为在现实生活中，你已经拥有了他。” “The amazing part about this secret is that no one can steal it from you. The gifts you?ve been given—including your very own acres of diamonds—are yours to keep and share as you see fit. Everyone is good at something, and you?ll come to find out that the more you share your treasures, the shiner they get, and the more valuable they become. In turn, you become richer and happier.” “这个秘密令人吃惊的是，没有人能够在你身上偷走，这些财富包过你特有的几英亩 的钻石一段当你发现时他们是你的并和你分享。每个人都有自己擅长的东西，你将来能够 找到自己擅长的东西，你分享的东西越多，东西就越闪亮。并变的越有价值。到那时，你 变得更富有，更快乐。” Yes, the diamonds had changed his life, and fortunately, Silas used those diamonds to enrich the lives of others. 是的，这些钻石已经改变了他的一生，他的运气，他用这些钻石去丰富他的人生。 “Sometimes we may treat each other like we are diamonds in the rough,” he said, “but in reality, we can become rich beyond imagination when we discover that we are all sparkling jewels in the eyes of God, and our fellow man.” “有时我会对每个人像没加工的钻石。但实际上，当我们发现我们是上帝眼中的宝石 时我们会变得超乎想象富有。&21
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